ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the protective effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Zusanli" (ST 36) in pregnant rats on lung dysplasia of newborn rats with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) induced by maternal food restriction.@*METHODS@#Twenty-four female SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a control+EA group, a model group and a model+EA group, 6 rats in each group. From the 10th day into pregnancy to the time of delivery, the rats in the model group and the model+EA group were given with 50% dietary restriction to prepare IUGR model. From the 10th day into pregnancy to the time of delivery, the rats in the control+EA group and the model+EA group were treated with EA at bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36), once a day. The body weight of offspring rats was measured at birth, and the body weight and lung weight of offspring rats were measured on the 21st day after birth. The lung function was measured by small animal lung function detection system; the lung tissue morphology was observed by HE staining; the content of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in lung tissue was detected by ELISA.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the body weight at birth as well as the body weight, lung weight, lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and PPARγ at 21 days after birth in the model group were significantly decreased (@*CONCLUSION@#EA at "Zusanli" (ST 36) may protect the lung function and lung histomorphology changes by regulating the level of PPARγ of lung in IUGR rats induced by maternal food restriction.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Acupuncture Points , Electroacupuncture , Fetal Growth Retardation/therapy , Lung , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Se ha reportado que el contexto universitario propicia un hábito alimentario inadecuado, orientado al consumo de alimentos de conveniencia caracterizados por ser de bajo costo, hipercalóricos, altos en grasas saturadas y de escaso valor nutritivo lo que aumenta el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. En este contexto, la evidencia refiere que algunos indicadores psicológicos como mayores niveles de satisfacción vital y apoyo familiar se relacionan con una dieta de mayor calidad al mismo tiempo que es asociada a un menor índice de masa corporal. Sin embargo, existe un vacío teórico respecto a las distintas caracterizaciones de comportamientos alimentarios que guían la toma de decisiones relacionadas con las preferencias y consumo de alimentos en población universitaria. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la relación existente entre caracterizaciones de comportamiento alimentario con el bienestar psicológico de estudiantes universitarios en el norte de Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 647 estudiantes residentes en las ciudades de Arica y Antofagasta, el promedio de edad fue de 22 años, se utilizó el cuestionario de bienestar psicológico de Carol Ryff y el cuestionario holandés de conductas alimentarias. Los resultados indican que la ingesta emocional tiene el mayor efecto sobre el bienestar psicológico relacionándose significativa y negativamente con todas sus dimensiones, la tendencia restrictiva se asoció con autoaceptación, relaciones positivas y autonomía, finalmente la ingesta externa no reportó ningún efecto sobre el bienestar psicológico. Es necesario generar más evidencia de la relación entre variables psicológicas y alimentación(AU)
It has been reported that the university context fosters an inadequate eating habit, oriented to the consumption of convenience foods characterized by being low cost, hypercaloric, high in saturated fat and low nutritional value, which increases the risk of developing chronic noncommunicable diseases. In this context, the evidence refers that some psychological indicators such as higher levels of life satisfaction and family support are related to a higher quality diet while being associated with a lower body mass index. However, there is a theoretical gap regarding the different characterizations of eating behaviors that guide decision making regarding food preferences and consumption in the university population. The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between characterizations of eating behavior with the psychological well-being of university students in northern Chile. The sample consisted of 647 students residing in the cities of Arica and Antofagasta, the average age was 22 years, the Carol Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire and the Dutch food behavior questionnaire were used. The results indicate that emotional intake has the greatest effect on psychological well-being by being significantly and negatively related to all its dimensions, the restrictive tendency was associated with self-acceptance, positive relationships and autonomy; finally, external intake did not report any effect on psychological well-being. It is necessary to generate more evidence of the relationship between psychological variables and food(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Personal Satisfaction , Affect , Eating/psychology , Feeding Behavior , Universities , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Food AddictionABSTRACT
This study's objective was to investigate the effects of providing instructions and token reinforcement in the control of the eating behavior for two women who had undergone bariatric surgery and described a compulsive eating pattern. The design consisted of four phases: 1. baseline, 2. reinforcing correspondence between electronic recording and pictures of meals, 3. composed of two subphases: 3.1. instruction and contingent reinforcement of eating every three hours and 3.2. instructing and reinforcing the preparation and ingestion of a daily portion of palatable food, up to 150 kcal. The results show a decrease in the intervals between meals and an increase in the continuous and limited intake of palatable foods, accompanied by a decrease in the report of compulsive episodes. The results suggest that a decrease in binge eating can be achieved by avoiding food restrictions and intermittent access to palatable foods, as previously reported by experimental studies.
A pesquisa investigou o efeito de instruções e de um procedimento de economia de fichas no controle do comportamento alimentar de duas mulheres que haviam realizado cirurgia bariátrica e descreviam um padrão alimentar compulsivo. O delineamento consistiu em quatro fases: 1. linha de base, 2. reforçamento para a correspondência entre registro eletrônico e foto das refeições, 3. composta por duas subfases: 3.1. instrução e reforço contingente para alimentação de três em três horas e 3.2. instrução e reforçamento para a preparação e ingestão de uma porção diária de alimento palatável de até 150 kcal. Os resultados apontaram a redução nos intervalos entre as refeições e o aumento na ingestão de palatáveis de forma contínua e limitada, acompanhados da diminuição no relato de episódios compulsivos. A redução na compulsão alimentar pareceu ser alcançada quando se evitaram a restrição alimentar e o acesso intermitente aos alimentos palatáveis, tal como antes indicado na literatura.
En el presente trabajo se investigó el efecto de instrucciones y un procedimiento de economia de fichas en el control del comportamiento alimentario compulsivo de dos mujeres que realizaron la cirugia bariátrica. El diseno tuvo cuatro fases: 1. linea de base, 2. reforzamiento para la correspondencia entre el registro electrónico y la foto de las comidas, 3. compuesta por dos subfases: 3.1. instrucción y refuerzo contingente para una alimentación de tres en tres horas y 3.2. instrucción y reforzamiento contingente para la preparación e ingestión de una porción diaria de alimentos palatables (150 calorias). Los resultados senalaron la reducción en los intervalos entre las comidas y el aumento en la ingestión de palatables de forma continua y limitada, acompanada de una reducción en el relato de episodios compulsivos. Tal constatación sugiere que la reducción en la compulsión alimentaria puede alcanzarse al evitar la restricción alimentaria y el acceso intermitente a los alimentos palatables.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Diet Therapy , Bariatric Surgery , Feeding Behavior , Binge-Eating Disorder , Women , Diet , Eating , Food , Food AddictionABSTRACT
Objective To establish a mouse model of intrauterine malnutrition to investigate the growth characters and the DNA methylation level of H19 of the offspring. Methods The pregnancy ICR mice were randomly divided into the food restricted group and the control group. The food eaten by each pregnant mouse every day was monitored from d0. 5 to d12. 5. The food restricted pregnancy mice were given half amount food of the daily consumption during d0. 5-d12. 5. The mice in control group were given the normal food. The pregnant mice of both groups of were given normal food after delivery. The number, birth weight and sex ratio of the offspring were calculated. Furthermore, the body weight of the offspring was monitored at different growth stages. The oocytes of female offspring mice were obtained to detect the DNA methylation level of H19. Results (1) Compared to normal feeding pregnant mice, mice with food restricted were small and less active, and even some of them were died before delivery. The incidence of premature birth was significantly increased (P ＜0. 05). The number of abortion, stillbirth pregnant mice in the food restriction group were more than that in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0. 05). (2) There was no significant difference in the number of offspring between pregnancy mice with food restricted or normal food (P ＞ 0. 05). As well as the number of male offspring between the two groups (P ＞ 0. 05). However, the offspring of the food restricted pregnant mice showed significant low birth weight (P ＜ 0. 05). (3) At the age of 3 weeks, there was still a low body weight in the offspring of the food restricted pregnant mice, but the difference had no significant difference between groups (P ＞ 0. 05). After weaning at 3 weeks, the offspring of food restricted pregnant mice began the catch-up growth. At the age of 6 weeks, the body weight of offspring of food restricted pregnant mice was higher than that of the normal offspring, but the difference was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0. 05). During the period of 6-8 weeks, the weight of offspring of normal feed pregnancy mice was increased slowly. But the body weight of food restriction offspring mice was increased rapidly. At the age of 8 weeks, the body weight of offspring of food restricted group was significantly higher than that in control group (P ＜ 0. 05). (4) The methylation level of H19 in oocyte from offspring of food restricted pregnancy mice was normal. Conclusion Food restriction at pregnancy period not only affect the outcome of pregnancy, but also increased the rate of premature birth. The offspring of food restriction pregnancy mice showed low birth weight. Until the age of 6 weeks, the offspring of food restriction pregnancy mice had lower body weight compared with the offspring with normal feeding pregnancy mice. The offspring of food restriction pregnancy mice demonstrated obesity at 8 weeks. But the H19 methylation levels of oocytes from offspring of pregnancy mice with food restriction was normal.
ABSTRACT
Abstract AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term food restriction (6-weeks) on metabolic profile and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) of young male Wistar rats. METHODS Thirty rats had their baseline SPA measured at 21 days-old and were separated into two groups at 28 days-old: Control (CG) and 50% of food restriction (FR). The food restriction protocol lasted six weeks, being the SPA measured weekly by a gravimetric apparatus. At the end of the experiment, biochemical analyses were performed in serum and tissue samples with statistical significance set at 5%. RESULTS FR showed less SPA than CG, as occurred for body mass, water intake, adipose tissue and liver, heart and soleus glycogen, serum glucose, total protein, triglycerides and total cholesterol (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Data set demonstrates that low substrate stores signaled to decrease spontaneous physical activity to save energy.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Activities of Daily Living , Caloric Restriction/methods , Metabolism/physiology , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Growth is a key determinant of fitness in animals, and may be affected by the environmental challenges presented over the course of an individual's lifespan. When faced with limited resources and environmental challenges, organisms may prioritize the development and maintenance of particular processes over others. To expand our understanding of the consequences of organism exposure to a changing environment, we offer a long-term experiment to compare the growth patterns of young male rats exposed and not exposed to food limitation and social conflict. The patterns of growth of young rats were altered by the exposure to these environmental challenges, two of the most frequently faced by animals. As expected, scarcity of food resulted in a marked growth decline in animals exposed to nutritional stress. Interestingly, individuals exposed to an unstable social environment, but fed ad libitum, evidenced a growth rate 6% smaller than those under stable social conditions. An interaction between food limitation and social conflict was not observed. As a larger body size growth results in a competitive advantage in encounters, the detected divergence on growth patterns may represent significant consequences on the individual's life trajectory.
En animales, la eficacia biológica es influenciada por el crecimiento, que a su vez es afectado por los desafíos ambientales que el individuo enfrente a lo largo de su vida. Ante escasez de recursos u otros desafíos, los organismos priorizarían el desarrollo y mantenimiento de algunos procesos por sobre otros. Para profundizar nuestro conocimiento sobre las consecuencias de la exposición a un ambiente cambiante, desarrollamos un experimento de larga duración para comparar los patrones de crecimiento de ratas jóvenes expuestas y no expuestas a restricción alimentaria y conflicto social. La exposición a estos dos desafíos ambientales, comunes en la naturaleza, alteró los patrones de crecimiento de las ratas. La escasez de alimento ocasionó un descenso marcado del crecimiento en los animales bajo restricción alimentaria. Mientras que individuos expuestos a inestabilidad social, pero con alimento ad libitum, demostraron una tasa de crecimiento 6% menor que aquellos en condiciones sociales estables. Adicionalmente, no se encontró interacción significativa entre restricción alimentaria y conflicto social. Siendo que un mayor crecimiento corporal resulta ventajoso ante interacciones competitivas, la diferencia detectada entre los patrones de crecimiento tendría consecuencias de importancia en la trayectoria de vida de los individuos.
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Background: Anaemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women in developing countries including Nigeria, affecting about 33% - 75% of all pregnant women. The burden and predisposing factors varies even within countries. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive was conducted; participants were recruited using consecutive sampling technique. Data were obtained from study consented participants using pretested self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS for Windows Version 17.0. Significant level was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 121 pregnant women with a mean age of 25.69±4.51 years participated in the study. Majority had post-primary education. The women exhibited good knowledge of anaemia in pregnancy. However, restriction of food including those rich in carbohydrates, proteins and alcoholic beverages (27.3%, 14.9%, and 56.8% respectively) was a common practice. Customs and religious beliefs were a major influence on food restrictions (50.8% and 28% respectively). Iron and folate supplementation, balanced diet, use of long lasting insecticide net, regular ante natal clinic visits among others were strategies respondents believes could help mitigate against this condition. Conclusions: The respondents had good knowledge of anaemia in pregnancy. However, restriction of nutritious food other than alcoholic beverages by significant proportion of the respondents is a cause for concern as this is a potential risk for anaemia in pregnancy. Nutrition education should be enhanced and sustained.
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In food restriction, hypoglycemic episodes can be more severe and persistent. This study assessed the influence of acute exercise and caffeine on the insulin-induced hypoglycemia in freely-fed or malnourished (50% food restriction) young rats. At the age of 60 days, rats under overnight fasting received an insulin injection to cause an episode of hypoglycemia. In some animals, hypoglycemia was preceded by an acute session of exercise, in others, caffeine was orally given 15 minutes after insulin injection; or exercise and caffeine were combined. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals for five hours after insulin injection. A beneficial effect of both exercise or caffeine on the hypoglycemic episode in the malnourished rats was found. In the control rats, the association of exercise+caffeine was more beneficial than either intervention alone. It is discussed that exercise and caffeine, alone or combined, can be used as exogenous anti-hypoglycemic resources, but considering the nutritional status of the subject.
Na restrição alimentar, os episódios de hipoglicemia podem ser mais severos e persistentes. Este trabalho avaliou a influência do exercício agudo e da cafeína sobre a hipoglicemia induzida por insulina em ratos jovens alimentados livremente ou desnutridos (50% de restrição alimentar) desde o nascimento. Aos 60 dias de idade, os ratos em jejum noturno receberam injeção de insulina para causar um episódio de hipoglicemia. Em alguns animais, a hipoglicemia foi precedida por sessão aguda de exercício; em outros foi administrada a cafeína via oral, 15 min. após a injeção de insulina; ou foi associada a exercício e cafeína. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em intervalos regulares por 5h desde a aplicação da insulina. Registrou-se efeito benéfico do exercício e da cafeína isolados sobre o episódio hipoglicêmico nos ratos desnutridos. Nos ratos controle, a associação de exercício+cafeína teve efeito benéfico mais acentuado do que as intervenções separadas. É discutido que exercício físico e cafeína, isolados ou combinados, podem ser explorados como recursos anti-hipoglicêmicos exógenos, levando-se em consideração porém o estado nutricional do indivíduo.
Subject(s)
Rats , Blood Glucose , Caffeine , Diet , ExerciseABSTRACT
Aim: Reduced calorie intake by food restriction leads to extension of life span by exerting beneficial effects on metabolism. Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat is a type 2 diabetic model with obesity, showing the incidence of diabetes after 7 weeks of age. The present study investigated effects of 2-week food restriction on the pancreas in ZDF rats. Methods: ZDF rats were pair-fed with Zucker lean (ZL) rats from 7 to 9 weeks of age (The amount of food in ZDF rats was calculated based on the daily food consumption in ZL rats). Body weight and biochemical parameters such as serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid and insulin levels, were evaluated. After necropsy, islet size and insulin content in pancreas were measured. Results: The ZDF rats showed increased blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels at 7 weeks as compared with those in ZL rats. After food restriction for 2 weeks, the blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels in pair-fed ZDF rats were decreased. The islet size in pair-fed ZDF rats decreased as compared with that in ad lib-fed ZDF rats, but the insulin content in pancreas of pair-fed ZDF rats increased remarkably. Conclusion: ZDF rats showed improvement of pancreatic disorders by food restriction. Caloric restriction applied at an insulin resistant pre-diabetic stage is an effective means for preventing the pancreatic disorder in diabetes with obesity.
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do regime alimentar para ganho compensatório sobre o desempenho produtivo, o peso do corpo vazio, o peso dos componentes abióticos, o peso e a proporção do TGI e a morfometria do rúmen e do intestino delgado de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Para tanto, foram utilizados 40 cordeiros Santa Inês, machos não castrados, alojados em baias individuais. O confinamento foi dividido em dois períodos distintos de 42 dias: um de restrição alimentar, com quatro tratamentos (0, 20, 40 e 60% de restrição), e outro de realimentação, em que todos os animais foram realimentados sem restrição. Ao final do período de confinamento, os cordeiros foram abatidos para mensuração do peso do TGI, do peso dos componentes abióticos e para obtenção dos fragmentos do rúmen e do intestino delgado, os quais foram posteriormente utilizados na confecção das lâminas histológicas usadas para avaliação da morfometria das papilas ruminais e das vilosidades e criptas do intestino (µm). As variáveis relativas ao desempenho, além de peso ao abate, peso do corpo vazio e peso do TGI, diminuíram à medida que se aumentou o nível de restrição prévia. A largura das papilas ruminais diminuiu, variando de 555,7 a 470,3µm; a área das vilosidades do intestino aumentou, variando de 81042,8 a 92033,7µm2. O regime alimentar para ganho compensatório diminuiu o ganho de peso, o peso ao abate, o peso do corpo vazio e o peso do trato gastrintestinal de cordeiros Santa Inês, terminados em confinamento, além de afetar a morfometria das papilas ruminais e das vilosidades do intestino delgado...
The aim was evaluate the effect of diet for compensatory growth on performance, empty weight body, weight of abiotic components, weight and proportion of TGI and morphology of the rumen and small intestine of lambs feedlot. Thus, we used 40 Santa Inês non castrated male lambs, housed in individual pens. The containment was divided into two distinct periods of 42 days: a food restriction, with four treatments (0, 20, 40 and 60% restriction), and a feedback loop, where all the animals were fed again without restriction. At the end of the period of confinement they were slaughtered to measure the weight of TGI, weight and abiotic components for obtaining fragments of the rumen and small intestine, which were subsequently used for the preparation of histological slides used to evaluate the morphology of the papillae rumen and the intestinal villi and crypts (μm). The variables for performance, slaughter weight, empty body weight and weight of TGI decreased as they increased the level of prior restraint. The width of the rumen papillae decreased ranging from 555.7 to 470.3μm; the area of increased intestinal villi ranged from 81042.8 to 92033.7μm2. The diet for compensatory gain decreases weight gain, slaughter weight, empty body weight and the weight of the gastrointestinal tract of Santa Ines lambs, besides affecting the morphology of rumen papillae and villi of the small intestine...
Subject(s)
Animals , Controlled Confinement , Diet/veterinary , Sheep , Weight Gain , Abiotic Factors , Intestine, Small , RumenABSTRACT
The study evaluated the effect of dietary restriction in prepubertal gilts associated with the use of flushing in the preceding cycle of artificial insemination, 2nd or 3rd estrus on productive performance, number of corpora lutea and fetus, besides the fetus survival rate. A total of 96 gilts were distributed to a completely randomized design with 2x2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, consisting of: nutritional strategy, ad libitum or restricted feeding, use or not of flushing in the preceding cycle AI, and time of AI, held on the 2nd or 3rd estrus. The age at which gilts expressed the 1st estrus was not influenced by nutritional strategy, but the body weight and weight gain were higher (P 0.05) in gilts submitted to ad libitum feeding. No interactions were observed as treatment effect on number of corpora lutea and fetus survival rate. The number of fetuses in females on ad libitum feeding was not influenced by time of AI, but the females feed restriction showed an increase (P 0.05) in the number of fetuses when inseminated on 3rd estrus. Thus, it is concluded that the use of ad libitum nutritional strategy allows for insemination forward 2nd estrus without reducing the number of fetuses, reducing the non-productive days gilt. However, this strategy reduces the rate of fetal survival until day 35 of gestation...
Foi avaliado o efeito da restrição alimentar na fase pré-púbere associada ao emprego do flushing no ciclo precedente ao da inseminação artificial, sendo realizada no 2 ou 3 estro, sobre o desempenho produtivo, numero de corpos lúteos e de fetos, além da taxa de sobrevivência fetal. Um total de 96 fêmeas foi distribuído em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2x2x2, sendo considerados os fatores: estratégia nutricional, alimentação ad libitum ou restrita; utilização ou não de flushing no ciclo precedente a IA, e momento da IA, realizada no 2 ou 3 estro, constituindo oito tratamentos. A idade em que as marras manifestaram o 1 estro não foi influenciada pela estratégia nutricional, mas o peso e o ganho de peso foram maiores (P 0,05) na alimentação ad libitum. Não foram observados interação e tão pouco efeito de tratamento no numero de corpos lúteos e a taxa de sobrevivência dos fetos. O numero de fetos em fêmeas mantidas em alimentação ad libitum não foi influenciado pelo momento da IA, contudo as fêmeas em restrição alimentar apresentaram aumento (P 0,05) no numero de fetos quando inseminadas no 3 estro. Desse modo, conclui-se que o emprego da estratégia nutricional ad libitum possibilita adiantar a inseminação para o 2 estro sem redução no numero de fetos, diminuindo os dias não produtivos da marra. Porém, essa estratégia reduz a taxa de sobrevivência fetal até 35º dia de gestação...
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Insemination, Artificial/veterinary , Ovulation , Caloric Restriction/veterinary , Swine/physiology , Swine/metabolism , Estrous Cycle , Sexual MaturationABSTRACT
Food restriction reduces body weight and influence bone mass and also is correlated with bone mineraldensity (BMD). Mechanisms have been proposed for the loss of BMD after body weight reduction, includingreduced energy intake. Growing 8 wk-old Wistar male rats were randomly divided into Control and Calorierestriction associated with sucrose 30% (CRS). These animals were subjected to intermittent food restrictionduring 8 weeks and had free access to tap water and sucrose30% in distilled water. The rats were euthanizedat the end of week 8, blood collected from abdominal aorta artery, femurs cleaned of adherent soft tissues,scanned using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, structural and material properties determined by three-pointbending testing in the mid-diaphyseal region, bone surface tested in a microhardness tester and microstructurewas assessed in a microcomputer tomography. In CRS animals body weight decreased significantly relative tothe Control animals. There was a clear option for high-sucrose beverage in CRS animals. No difference wasobserved in biochemical, densitometric and biomechanical analyzes. Results from micro CT showed onlysignificant difference in connectivity of trabecular bone. It has been suggested that rats submitted to foodrestriction consumed sugar not because of its inherent palatability, but in order to alter their macronutrientbalance and animals need to meet energy demands in high-sucrose.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology , Caloric Restriction , Densitometry , Bone Density/physiology , Femur/physiology , Sucrose/administration & dosage , Dietary Supplements/adverse effects , Rats, Wistar/physiology , X-Ray MicrotomographyABSTRACT
A food allergy is an adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly upon exposure to a given food. In those with food allergies that are thought to cause aggravation of eczema, food avoidance is important. The objective of this study was to research the nutritional status of patients with food allergies. A total of 225 subjects diagnosed with atopic dermatitis underwent a skin prick test as well as measurement of serum immunoglobulin E. Food challenge tests were conducted using seven food items: milk, eggs, wheat, soybeans, beef, pork, and chicken. At post-food challenge visits to the test clinic, participants completed a three-day dietary record, which included two week days and one weekend day, in order to evaluate energy intake and diet quality during the challenge. We analyzed nutrient intake based on differential food allergens. Subjects with a food allergy to milk showed lower intake of Ca, Zn, and vitamin B2, and subjects with a food allergy to egg showed lower intake of vitamin A, B1, B2, niacin, and cholesterol. Subjects with a food allergy to wheat and soybean showed lower intake of Ca, P, Fe, K, Zn, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and niacin; and subjects with a food allergy to beef, pork, and chicken showed lower intake of Fe and higher intake of K, vitamin A, B2. Subjects with atopic dermatitis were lacking in several nutrients, including vitamin A and vitamin C. A greater number of food allergies showed an association with a greater number of nutrient intake deficiencies. Allergen avoidance is the basic treatment for atopic dermatitis. However, when the allergen is food, excessive restriction can lead to nutrition deficiency. Findings of this study suggest the necessity for enhanced nutritional education in order to provide substitute foods for patients with food allergies who practice food restriction.
Subject(s)
Humans , Allergens , Ascorbic Acid , Chickens , Cholesterol , Dermatitis, Atopic , Diet Records , Diet , Eczema , Education , Eggs , Energy Intake , Food Hypersensitivity , Immunoglobulin E , Immunoglobulins , Milk , Niacin , Nutritional Status , Ovum , Riboflavin , Skin , Soybeans , Triticum , Vitamin A , Vitamin B 6ABSTRACT
This study was performed to investigate the status of food restriction and the list of restricted foods in children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD), and to find out the effect of food restriction on the changes in nutrient intake and the severity of the disease. Sixty two patient children aged 12 months to 13 years presenting AD with a SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index between 20 and 50 were enrolled. The presence of food limitation, and list of restricted foods were surveyed through the caretakers and the patients were divided into 3 groups by the number of restricted food: non-restricted group, one to three restricted group, and more than three restricted group. Dietary intake was assessed for 3 months using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Half of the subjects restricted foods. The restriction was higher in the order of soda, food additives, walnut, peanut, and other nuts as a single food item; and shellfish and crustacean group, processed foods, nuts, milk & dairy products, and meats as a food group. More than three restricted group ingested more fruits and less fish and meats, resulting in high consumption of vitamin C (p = 0.027). No significant difference in the ratio of nutrient intake by the number of restricted foods was observed in other nutrients. Significant improvement of AD symptom was observed in non-restricted group (p = 0.036) and one to three restricted group (p = 0.003). It is necessary to provide proper nutrition information and systematic and continuous nutrition management for balanced nutrient intake and disease improvement in children with AD.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Ascorbic Acid , Dairy Products , Dermatitis, Atopic , Food Additives , Fruit , Juglans , Meat , Milk , Nuts , Shellfish , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
When food is available recurrently at a particular time of day, several species increase their locomotion in the hours that precede food delivery, a phenomenon called food anticipatory activity (FAA). In mammals, many studies have shown that FAA is driven by a food-entrained circadian oscillator (FEO) that is distinct from the light-entrained pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Few studies have investigated the effect of sugar ingestion on food anticipatory rhythms and the FEO. We aimed to extend the understanding of the role of glucose on the emergence of food anticipatory rhythms by investigating whether glucose ingestion is sufficient to produce daily food anticipation, reflected by motor activity and core body temperature rhythms. Under a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle, chow-deprived rats had glucose solution available between Zeitgeber Time (ZT) 6 and ZT 9 for 10 days (glucose restriction group), whereas control animals had chow available within the same time window (chow restriction group). Animals in both groups exhibited anticipatory motor activity and body temperature around the fourth day of the scheduled food restriction. Glucose-fed rats ingested ~15 kcal on the days immediately before FAA emergence and reached an intake of ~20 kcal/day, whereas chow-fed rats ingested ~40 kcal/day. The glucose restriction group exhibited a pattern of food anticipation (activity and temperature) that was extremely similar to that observed in the chow restriction group. We conclude that glucose ingestion is a sufficient temporal cue to produce recurrent food anticipation, reflected by activity and temperature rhythms, in rats.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Behavior, Animal , Body Temperature , Circadian Rhythm , GlucoseABSTRACT
We investigated the effects of short-term food restriction and repeated fasting and refeeding on appetite regulating hormones and adiponectin activity in rats. To investigate the acute and chronic effects of food restriction in vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group (CON), a 1 day fasting group, a 2 days fasting gruop, a 3 days fasting gruop, a fasting and refeeding for 1 week gruoup and a fasting and refeeding for 2 weeks group. Blood glucose, triglyceride and total cholesterol decreased in all fasting groups compared to those in the CON group. Free fatty acid of all fasting groups was higher than those in the CON, and were lowest in the three cycle fasting and refeeding group. Blood insulin following short-term food restriction was lower than that in the CON. blood ghrelin increased significantly (p < 0.01) following the short-term food restriction, However, blood ghrelin in the repeated fasting and refeeding groups decreased significantly decreased (p < 0.01) compared to that in the CON and short-term food restriction group. In contrast, blood leptin decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in the short term food restriction group and the three cycle of fasting and refeeding group but increased in the six cycle of fasting and refeeding group. No significant differences in adiponectin contents were observed in the short-term food restriction group. But, adiponectin increased significantly (p < 0.01) following the fasting and refeeding cycles. Blood adiponectin and blood leptin levels were showed positively correlated (r2 = 0.469) when all samples were analysed together.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Adiponectin , Appetite , Blood Glucose , Cholesterol , Fasting , Ghrelin , Insulin , Leptin , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
El objetivo general del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la restricción de alimento sobre el desempeño productivo y fisiológico de juveniles de cachama blanca y sobre su conte nido muscular de proteína y energía. En cuanto al diseño experimental, este fue com pletamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, cada una con cuatro individuos. Se seleccionaron 64 individuos con 58,40 ± 6,56 g de peso (P) y 14,65± 0,75 cm de longitud total (LT), distribuidos aleatoriamente en 16 acuarios y sometidos durante ocho semanas a los siguientes tratamientos: de control (T0): alimentación dia ria; tratamiento 1 (T1): un día de ayuno y uno de alimentación; tratamiento 2 (T2): tres días de ayuno y dos días de alimentación, y tratamiento 3 (T3): dos días de ayuno y tres de alimentación. Se utilizó alimento de 35% de proteína, suministrado al 3% de la biomasa total dos veces al día. Al culminar el periodo experimental, los animales experimentales se anestesiaron y se les tomaron muestras de sangre para evaluar dife rentes parámetros metabólicos y hormonales. Posteriormente, se sacrificaron, pesaron y midieron; luego, se pesaron sus vísceras y una porción de músculo blanco se obtuvo para determinar el contenido de proteína y energía. Al final del ensayo, se calculó la sobrevivencia. Luego, de acuerdo con los resultados, se concluyó que no hubo diferencias significativas en la mayoría de los parámetros analizados, por lo que se infiere que los juveniles de cachama blanca son capaces de adaptarse metabólicamente a la carencia parcial de alimento y optimizar la respuesta en su desempeño.
The general purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of food restriction on the productive and physiological performance of Cachama Blanca juveniles and on the content of protein and energy in their muscles. 64 animals, with an average weight (P) of 58.40 ± 6.56 g and 14.65 ± 0.75 cm of Total Length (LT), were divided at random in 16 tanks. During eight weeks the animals received the following treatments: daily feeding; treatment 1 (T1): one day of fasting followed by one day of feeding; treatment 2 (T2): three days of fasting and two days of feeding; and treatment 3 (T3): two days of fasting and three days of feeding. Food containing 35% protein, at 3% of the total biomass was supplied twice a day. At the end of the experimental period the animals were anaesthetized and blood samples were taken in order to evaluate different metabolic and hormonal parameters. Later, the animals were sacrificed, weighted and measured. The viscera, liver and a portion of white tissue were used in order to determine protein and energy. The experimental design was done completely at random with three treatments and four repetitions, each done with four animals. At the end of the experiment, survival rate was calculated. The results did not show significant differences in most of the parameters analyzed. It was concluded that the juveniles of Cachama Blanca are capable of adapting metabolically to the partial lack of food and of optimizing their performance response.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different protein sources with different amino-acid profiles on liver cell development in "Wistar" rats submitted to a food restriction and recovery model. The food restriction model was based on a 50% ingestion restriction for the rats fed with the control diet (21 days) and "ad libitum" recovery (a period of 21 days). The protein sources used in this study were: Yeast autolysate (YA), whey protein concentrate from bovine milk (WPC), a mixture containing the YA and WPC in the proportion of 64:36 (protein base), commercial casein (CC) which was used as the experimental treatment (EC) and control treatment (CP). The following parameters were evaluated in this study: the amino-acid profile of the protein sources, the development of liver cells (liver weight and growth rates - RNA, DNA, protein), weight and number of hepatocytes in the whole organ. The results showed that the treatment with (YA) was the most affected by the food restriction, showing an incomplete (leucine-deficient) amino-acid profile, a lower development of liver cells, lower growth of the liver due to a lower growth by cellular hyperplasia (number of cells), lower capacity of cell division and DNA synthesis. However, it showed a higher ability for RNA synthesis, thus indicating that growth in the restricted phase was mainly due to increase in the size of hepatocytes (cell hypertrophy). During the repletion period, all food treatments showed normal liver development, i.e. cell growth and organ hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto que diversas fuentes de proteínas con diferentes perfiles de aminoácidos ejercían en el desarrollo de las células hepáticas en ratas "Wistar" sometidas a restricción y reposición de la ingestión de alimentos. El modelo de restricción alimentar consistía en disminuir 50% del consumo de los animales control (período de 21 días) y la recuperación con ingestión "ad libitum" (período de 21 días). Las fuentes de proteínas utilizadas en este estudio fueron: autolisado de levadura (ATL); concentrado proteico de suero de leche bovino (CPL); mezcla de CPL y ATL, en la proporción de 64:36 (base proteica), caseína comercial (CC), que fue utilizada como tratamiento experimental (CE) y como estándar (CP). Fueron evaluados el perfil de aminoácidos de las proteínas, el desarrollo de la célula hepática (peso del hígado y las tasas de crecimiento: ARN, ADN y proteína total), el peso y número de hepatocitos en el órgano. Los resultados mostraron que el grupo tratado con (ATL) fue el más afectado por el proceso de restricción de alimentos, la proteína presenta un perfil incompleto de aminoácidos(deficiente en leucina). Había menor desarrollo de las células del hígado, menor crecimiento del hígado debido a un menor crecimiento por hiperplasia celular (número de células), menor capacidad de división celular y de síntesis de ADN, sin embargo, mostraron una mayor capacidad para sintetizar ARN indicando que el crecimiento en la fase de restricción se debió principalmente al aumento en el tamaño de los hepatocitos (hipertrofia celular). Durante la fase de recuperación alimentar de todos los tratamientos hubo un desarrollo hepático normal, o sea crecimiento de las células y del órgano por hiperplasia e hipertrofia.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes proteicas com diferentes perfis de aminoácidos sobre o desenvolvimento celular hepático de ratos "Wistar" submetidos à restrição e recuperação alimentar. O modelo de restrição alimentar foi baseado na restrição de 50% da ingestão dos animais controle (período de 21 dias), e recuperação ad libitum (período de 21 dias). As fontes proteicas utilizadas neste estudo foram: autolisado de levedura (ATL), concentrado proteico de soro de leite bovino (CSL), mistura contendo CSL e ATL na porcentagem de 64:36 (base proteica), caseína comercial (CC), a qual foi utilizada como tratamento experimental (CE) e como tratamento padrão (CP). Avaliouse, neste estudo, o perfil de aminoácidos das fontes proteicas, o desenvolvimento celular hepático (peso do fígado e dos índices de crescimento - RNA, DNA, proteína total), peso dos hepatócitos e número de hepatócitos em todo órgão. Os resultados mostram que o tratamento com (ATL) foi o mais afetado pelo processo de restrição alimentar, apresentando um perfil de aminoácido incompleto (deficiência em leucina); apresentou menor desenvolvimento celular hepático; menor crescimento do fígado em função do menor crescimento por hiperplasia celular (número de células), menor capacidade de divisão celular e síntese de DNA. Entretanto, apresentou maior capacidade de síntese de RNA, indicando que o crescimento na fase de restrição ocorreu principalmente por aumento no tamanho dos hepatócitos (hipertrofia celular). Durante o período de restauração alimentar todos os tratamentos apresentaram desenvolvimento hepático normal, ou seja, crescimento de células e do órgão por hiperplasia e hipertrofia.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Diet, Protein-Restricted , Hepatocytes/physiology , Hepatocytes/chemistry , Rats, Wistar/metabolism , Cell Enlargement , Dietary Proteins/analysisABSTRACT
The effect of severe food restriction since birth on regulation of fasting glycemia in male Wistar rats was investigated. The control group (CG) had free supply of chow, while the restriction group (RG) received 50 percent of the amount ingested by the CG. The experiments were done in adult (60 days) overnight fasted rats in which glycemia, liver free glucose levels and hepatic glycogen concentration were measured. In part of the experiments in situ liver perfusion was done. The results showed that livers from the RG had higher glycogenolysis rates but lower gluconeogenesis rates from L-alanine (10 mM). Since RG showed maintained glycemia during fasting, it could be concluded that livers from RG produced glucose preferentially from glycogenolysis in detriment of gluconeogenesis. These findings demonstrated that in spite of severe caloric restriction, the metabolic adaptations of the liver did exist to assure the maintenance of blood glucose for brain supply during fasting.
ABSTRACT
The prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis (AD), a non-infective chronic inflammatory skin disease, is increasing worldwide. Avoiding the allergen is the basic principle in the treatment of AD. However, when the allergen is food, excessive restriction can lead to nutrition deficiency. The objective of the study was to examine the status of the dietary restriction and compare the caregiver's restriction practice with doctor's recommendation in Korean children with AD. A total of 158 children diagnosed with Atopic Dermatitis were recruited for this study. Information about foods that aggravate AD symptoms and food restriction were collected from the mothers of 158 children aged 6 month-5 year with AD using questionnaires. Food restriction recommendation by doctor was collected through medical chart. McNemar and Margianl homogeneity tests were used to detect a relationship between food restriction recommended by doctor and current practice by mother. There were significant proportion differences of food restriction for each food between by doctor and mother. We found 75.9% of children were avoiding eggs although only 61.4% were recommended for egg restriction by a doctor. Children with restriction of more than 4 kinds of food were 53.2% compared to 13.3% by doctor. Excessive restrictors tended to be younger and diagnosed at younger age. The caregivers of excessive restrictors had trends of "being older" and "having higher income". Avoidance of common foods in children without food allergy could result in malnutrition or impaired growth. Nutrition education is needed for sound practice and nutrition care in children with Atopic Dermatitis as well as interactive communication between caregivers and experts.